ric machine needs some knowledge of its performance．
比较：If we want to operate an electric machine，we need to know of its performance．
分析：主语the operation of相当于替代了一个语法为条件状语而逻辑意义为目的状语的从句，谓语动词needs表达目的与条件的关系。
例13：在一个铜导体的两端只要加上零点几伏的电压就会产生一个相当大的电流。
译文：The application of just a fraction of a volt across the ends of a copper conductor can produce a large current flow．
比较：If just a fraction of a volt is applied across the ends of a copper conductor，there can be a large current flow produced．
分析：原句主语为复杂的状动定宾短语，动词“加上”转译为application作主语中心词，其它修饰成分围绕中心词重新架构。
1．3．2．2主语为主谓结构短语
例14：地球绕轴自转引起昼夜的变化。
译文：The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night．
比较：That the earth rotates on its own axis causes the change from day to night．
分析：不少文献认为译文等同于The earth rotates on its own axis，which causes the change from day to night．笔者认为不妥，因为此译以rotates为主句谓语动词，其语意重点(信息中心)显然与中文不符。
例15：螺旋管含铁使磁性感应效果大为提高。
译文：Presence of iron in￡胁coil has greatly increased the magnetic induction．
比较：Because iron is present in the coil，the magnetic induction has been greatly increased．
分析：主语为主谓宾短语结构，译时理解为状表主结构。
1．3．2．3主语为偏正结构短语
例16：肥沃的土壤有利于作物的生长。
译文：The richness of soil favors the growth of crops.
比较：The soil that is rich in nutrients favors the growth of crops．
分析：作定语的形容词“肥沃的”译为英语主语中心词richness，起到突出和强调的作用。
例17：除了其传染性，该疾病的严重状况最终导致肺结核。
译文：In addition to its contagiousness, the severity of the disease resulted in tuberculosis．
比较：In addition to its contagiousness, the disease that is in a severe state of deterioration resulted in tuberculosis．
由此可见，作主语的名词化短语在表意功能上相当于一个句子，替代一个主语从句或状语从句的内容，或隐含一个定语从句的意义。
1．4汉语句意完整，主语是应强调的内容，译为主语从句
1．4．1译语可用引导词的主语从句给予主语更多的强调或使句子前后平衡。
例18：除地球外的任何别的行星上是否适合生命存在，是值得怀疑的。
译文：Whether life can exist on any planet other than the earth is very doubtfu1．
例19：理论必须紧密联系实际是我们应当记住的一条原则。
译文：That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in
mind．
1．4．2大多情况it作先行形式主语，引导词引导的主语从句后置
例20：项目评估使用的标准能得到世界各国科学院的一致认同，这一点很重要。
译文：It is essential that the criteria used in the assessment of projects be agreed internationally by academies of sciences．
例21：数学是现代工程学的语言，这样说怎么都不算过分。
译文：It cannot be stressed too strongly that mathematics is the language of modern engineering．
2 译语改变原语主语
        如果汉语主语不是句子的论述主题，汉语主语直译不符合句子的逻辑关系，或汉语是无主句或主语不明确，就要选择其它成分转译为英语主语。另外，科技文体要求有极强的逻辑性以建立语篇的连贯，有时出于上下文叙述中心一体化的需要，也要求更换主语。
2．1谓语译为主语
2．1．1不必强调谓语的动作，谓语动词译为主语，功能性动词当谓语
例22：我们一直尝试降低能量消耗，但都没有成功。
译文：Attempts have been made to

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