On the Fifth Language Skill—Translation

翻译： 将一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言表达出来，就叫翻译。
1. Translation and Interpretation
  Translation (translator)
  Interpretation (interpreter)-- sight translation (ST) (视译)
          consecutive interpretation (CI) (连续传译)
          simultaneous interpretation(SI) (同步传译)

2. Literal /Verbal Translation and Free Translation
  (1) A contented mind is a perpetual feast.
     知足的心是永恒的享受。 事能知足心常惬，人到无求品自高。

  (2)Who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl.
     与狼为伍将学会狼嗥。 近朱者赤，近墨者黑。

  (3) ... that government of the people, by the people and for the
       people, shall not perish from the earth.
       这个民有、民治、民享的国家，将不会从地球上消失。
       使民有、民治、民享的政府，能长存于世。

  (4) The love of money is the root of all evil.
     爱财是万恶之源。 劝人不必苦贪财，贪得财来天降灾。

  (5) The mills of God grind slowly.
     上帝的磨磨得慢。 善恶到头终有报，只争来早与来迟。

  (6) One swallow does not make a summer.
     一只燕子不能造成夏季。 一燕不成夏。 偏不概全。

  (7) He is between the devil and the deep sea.
     他在魔鬼与深海之间。 他进退两难。

  (8) The tongue is not steel, yet it cuts.
     舌头不是钢，但能切割。 良言一句三春暖，恶语伤人六月寒。

(9)  To err is human; to forgive, divine.
 犯错是人之常情，宽恕是超凡的。错为人之事，恕为神之业。
 
(10)  Every human life is insignificant unless you make it great.
 每个人的一生都是平凡的，除非你使它伟大。 将相本无种,男儿当自强.
 
3. Transliteration
  carnation / boycott / AIDS / hysteria / hysterics / ultimatum / aspirin / gene
  George Bush(布希,布什) / Margret Thatcher(柴契尔,撒切尔)

4. Chinglish Translation
  (1) 余小子，不知天高地厚，请指教。(astronomy, geology)
  (2) 华陀再见.
  (3) 交通规则： Left (左) is right (对，右) 。 Right (右，对) is wrong (错)。
(4)郭沫若幽默回应外籍人士称赞其为文学家，艺术家，政治家等时说：
    「处处为家，无家可归。」
 
5.  Principles of Translation：hsin, ta, and ya  信、达、雅
 严复:[译事三难：「信，达，雅.」
   “ . . . that government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth.”
    这个民有，民治，民享的国家，将不会从地球上消失。
    使民有，民治，民享的政府,能长存于世。
    “. . . that government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall be able to exist in the world forever.”
    Translation is the third language.   English(1)—Chinese—English(2)
 English(2)＝English(1) ?
   (1) faithfulness, comprehensibility, and elegance.
   (2) fidelity，fluency，and elegance.
   (3) Ronald A. Knox： accurate, intelligible, and readable.
   (4) Alexander Fraser Tytler：
       a. The translation should be a complete transcript of the ideas
     of the original work.
       b. The style and manner of the writing should be of the same
     character with that of the original.
       c. The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.

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