4.材料与方法(Materials and Methods )　　 10.插图(Figures)

　　5.结果(Results)　　　　　　　　　　　　　11.表格(Tables)

　　6.讨论(Discussion)　　　　　　　　　　　 12.照片和说明(Plates and Explanations)

　　以上除7、9、10、11、12部分因实际情况不需要外，其他各部分是一篇论文必不可少的内容。下面分别介绍对各部分的基本要求，其中"标题"和"摘要"两部分将在以后单元另行讨论。

　　2.要求

　　1)引言部分

　　总的要求是：The purpose of an introduction is to bring the reader into the general area of your study and then state the specific area of study (move from the general to the specific). The introduction shows the scope of your investigation efforts.** 即：说明研究的总体范围和目的。

　　具体内容包括：

　　A.背景 - 说明所研究问题的目前总体情况或历史(statement of general area or history of problem)

　　B.意义 - 说明研究的意义或必要性(statement of importance or need)

　　C.进展 - 说明有关该问题的先有发现、报告或研究(statement of previous findings, reports or studies)。陈述这部分内容时一般要有引文(citations)

　　D.目的 - 说明本研究的目的(statement of purpose of current study)

　　E.范围 - 说明要研究问题的具体范围(statement of specific area of problem to be studied)

　　示例：

　　In the military, it has been common to treat hyperthermic heat casualties by immersion in ice-containing water. 【研究背景】 This method is highly unphysiologic, because the secondary profound cutaneous vasoconstriction shunts blood away from the skin, which greatly slows heat loss from the body core. In addition, shivering occurs soon after immersion, even though core temperature has decreased very little; and this is counterproductive by virtue of muscular heat production. Finally, immersion cooling is extremely unpleasant to the alert patient. 【本研究意义】

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