The longer two-headed arrow on the left shows that the translation strategies, comprising the main direct and indirect language strategies and the three translation strategies found from this study are used from the start to the end of the translation process. The six-sided diagram shows that the translation strategies are flexible and can be used in any combination, for example metacognitive with social, social with compensation, cognitive with affective etc.

       The shorter two-headed arrow on the right in Figure 2 of the proposed translation model shows that the internal translation process is iterative, cumulative and integrative. It also shows that while translating the translators use all the four approaches: cognitive, linguistic, communicative and pragmatic to ensure that the final translated version suits the culture, intelligence, context of situation and language proficiency level of the target readers of the translated version. In other words, the researcher suggests that the skopos or purpose of the translation must be emphasised. Furthermore, the translation process is iterative and cascaded, that is, it involves forward and backward-looking activities. In addition, translators often review and revise their work while translating. A final evaluation is done upon completing the whole translation task.

       This proposed translation model by the researcher is derived from the findings from this study. It is open to further research by future researchers in the field of translation who can experiment it with other kinds of texts or text-types and with other pairs of languages in the world.

       Conclusion

       In brief, in order to be a competent and reliable translator in transferring knowledge effectively from one language to another, the researcher believes that a translator should try his or her best to acquire the characteristics of a competent translator as presented in this paper. Also, a competent translator should be familiar with the translation process and the translation strategies that need to be used while translating. Finally, the translation model proposed by the researcher can be used as a guide to achieve a good translation.

       来源：By Dr. Kulwindr Kaur a/p Gurdial Singh Lecturer Department of English Language

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