Automóvil -> auto, coche, carro, máquina, vehículo automotor, etc.

       • Code Switching: Where more than one language appears in the same mini-text, mimicking the speech of bilingual people in many parts of the U.S. and in circles of bilinguals and partial bilinguals in other countries as well. The students' work consists of unifying the ideas in one language or the other, then translating-interpreting the whole new mini-text4. The objective here is to familiarize students with this peculiar—and frequent—speech phenomenon, not too well known or understood in areas outside big urban centers.

Examples:

       o I was traveling north cuando el mueble se quebró y. . . -> Iba con rumbo norte/hacia el norte cuando el coche/carro/auto se rompió y. . . -> I was traveling north when my car broke down and. . .

       o I called you back por lo del rufero, but. . . -> Te regresé la llamada por lo del techero, pero... -> I called you back about the roofer, but...5

       • Spanglish: An unavoidable reality in present-day society. The idea here is to have students become aware of such reality, understand this language variant and be able to translate-interpret it, both intra- and inter-linguistically, i.e., within the same language and between two languages (Child, 1992). Interestingly enough, many students, while affirming that they "do not speak Spanglish," they engage in conversations where Spanglish is used all the time! This author is neither for nor against Spanglish, but it should be acknowledged and learned by anyone who wants to become a reasonably good translator-interpreter since it exists and is used and thus must be susceptible of being translated or interpreted (González, "Spanglish: To Be. . ." 2006; "A Reality. . ., May 2005; "Spanglish: їAborrecerlo . . ." March 2005).

       Examples:

       o El trabaja en una pompa y su hermano es rufero -> El trabaja en una gasolinera y su hermano es techero/reparador de techos -> He works at a gas station and his brother is a roofer

       o Mi concuño trabaja de carpetero, pero cuando coja el dough del army se va pa'l college -> Mi concuño trabaja de alfombrista/ poniendo alfombras, pero cuando reciba/coja el dinero del ejército se va a estudiar a la universidad/ a la educación superior -> My sister-in-law's husband works as a carpet layer, but when he receives the army money he will go to college.

       o Antes de ir al mol voy a fulear/filear el carro -> Before going to the mall, I am going to fill up the tank (car gas tank).

       o Llámame pa'tras. . . /Regrésame/devuélveme la llamada (call me back)

       • Cultural and General: Here the type of training does not consist solely of performing the transfer from one language into the other, but of understanding two or more cultural, folkloric, linguistic and social approaches to the same or similar reality. This author posits that this kind of activity is unfortunately neglected in our foreign language teaching or at least not given its due attention. On many occasions, it also influences the choice of equivalents. It is an incontestable fact that in all Spanish-speaking countries Spanish is the common language, but it would be naïve to affirm that there is only one variant of Spanish per country. In a small country like Cuba, for example, at least two variants are common—Eastern and Western—and there is probably another sub-variant in the westernmost tip of the island: Pinareño, pronounced "piaeño" by some people from that area, called Pinar del Río6.

       Examples:

       •  Mientras la hermana mayor se aliviaba, Lucía celebraba su quinceañera -> aliviarse: dar a luz, parir, en algunos grupos de hispanos; quinceañera: el paso de niña a mujer de la muchacha que cumple los 15 años; puede consistir de múltiples actividades, tales como la misa de acción de gracias, el cambio de zapatos sin tacón a los de tacón, un baile con diferentes grados de complejidad y vistosidad y, en casi todos los países hispanos donde se celebra, la fiesta de "los quince" o simplemente "la quinceañera" -> to give birth (not to get healed or cured) -> Sweet Sixteen, but this is just a pale equivalent of quinceañera, and needs a cultural

上一页  [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] 下一页