一、写作框架和各部分要求

        Title: Be short, accurate, and unambiguous; Give your paper a distinct personality; Begin with the subject of the study.

        Introduction: What is known; What is unknown; Why we did this study?

        Methods: Participants, subjects; Measurements; Outcomes and explanatory variables; Statistical methods.

        Results: Sample characteristics; Univariate analyses; Bivariate analyses; Multivariate analyses.

        Tablesand figures: No more than six tables or figures; Use Table 1 for samplecharacteristics (no P values); Put most important findings in a figure.

        Discussion:State what you found; Outline the strengths and limitations of thestudy; Discuss the relevance to current literature; Outline yourimplications with a clear "So what?" and "Where now?"

        References:All citations must be accurate; Include only the most important, mostrigorous, and most recent literature; Quote only published journalarticles or books; Never quote "second hand"; Cite only 20-35references.

        Formatting:Include the title, author, page numbers, etc. in headers and footers;Start each section on a new page; Format titles and subtitlesconsistently; Comply with "Instructions to authors".

        二、英文写作的语言技巧

        1. Introduction：

        A. 如何指出当前研究的不足并有目的地引导出自己研究的重要性？在叙述前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，提出一种新方法或新方向。如： However, little information(little attention/little work/littledata/little research……) (or few studies/few investigations/fewresearchers/few attempts……)(or no/none of these studies……) has(have)beendone on(focused on/attempted to/conducted/investigated/studied (withrespect to))。如：Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failedto consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected to/overestimated, underestimated/misleaded. thus, these previous results areinconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial.Uncertainties (discrepancies) stillexist……研究方法和方向与前人一样时，可通过以下方式强调自己工作：However, data is still scarce (rare,less accurate)， We need to(aim to, have to) provide more documents (data,records, studies, increase the dataset). Further studies are stillnecessary(essential)……

        强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在 However之前介绍与自己研究问题相反或相关的问题。比如：(1)时间问题；(2)研究手段问题；(3)研究区域问题；(4)不确定性；(5)提出自己的假设来验证。如果你研究的问题在时间上比较新，你可大量提及时间较老问题的研究及重要性，然后(However) 表明“对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足”；如果你的是一种新的研究手段或研究方向，你可提出当前流行的方法及其物质性质，然后(However)说对你所研究的方向方法研究甚少；如果研究涉及区域问题，就先总结相邻区域或其它区域的研究，然后(However)强调这一区域的研究不足；虽然前人对某一问题研究很多，但目前有两种或更多种观点，这种uncertainties或ambiguities值得进一步澄清；如果自己的研究是全是新的，没有前人的工作可对比，你就可以自信地说“根据假设提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果”等等。 We aim to test thefeasibility (reliability) of the……It is hoped that the question will beresolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach).

        B. 提出自己的观点： We aim to//This paper reports on//This paper providesresults//This paper extends the method//This paper focus on……Thepurpose of this paper is to……Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,

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