sp;    • Describe results of control experiments and include observations that are not presented in a formal figure or table, if appropriate.

       • Analyze your data, then prepare the analyzed (converted) data in the form of a figure (graph), table, or in text form.

       What to avoid

       • Do not discuss or interpret your results, report background information, or attempt to explain anything.

       • Never include raw data or intermediate calculations in a research paper.

       • Do not present the same data more than once.

       • Text should complement any figures or tables, not repeat the same information.

       • Please do not confuse figures with tables - there is a difference.

       Style

       • As always, use past tense when you refer to your results, and put everything in a logical order.

       • In text, refer to each figure as "figure 1," "figure 2," etc. ; number your tables as well (see the reference text for details)

       • Place figures and tables, properly numbered, in order at the end of the report (clearly distinguish them from any other material such as raw data, standard curves, etc.)

       • If you prefer, you may place your figures and tables appropriately within the text of your results section.

       Figures and tables

       • Either place figures and tables within the text of the result, or include them in the back of the report (following Literature Cited) - do one or the other

       • If you place figures and tables at the end of the report, make sure they are clearly distinguished from any attached appendix materials, such as raw data

       • Regardless of placement, each figure must be numbered consecutively and complete with caption (caption goes under the figure)

       • Regardless of placement, each table must be titled, numbered consecutively and complete with heading (title with description goes above the table)

       • Each figure and table must be sufficiently complete that it could stand on its own, separate from text

       Discussion

       Journal guidelines vary. Space is so valuable in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, that authors are asked to restrict discussions to four pages or less, double spaced, typed. That works out to one printed page. While you are learning to write effectively, the limit will be extended to five typed pages. If you practice economy of words, that should be plenty of space within which to say all that you need to say.

       General intent

       The objective here is to provide an interpretation of your results and support for all of your conclusions, using evidence from your experiment and generally accepted knowledge, if appropriate. The significance of findings should be clearly described.

       Writing a discussion

       Interpret your data in the discussion in appropriate depth. This means that when you explain a phenomenon you must describe mechanisms that may account for the observation. If your results differ from your expectations, explain why that may have happened. If your results agree, then describe the theory that the evidence supported. It is never appropriate to simply state that the data agreed with expectations, and let it drop at that.

       • Decide if each hypothesis is supported, rejected, or if you cannot make a decision with confidence. Do not simply dismiss a study or part of a study as "inconclusive."

       • Research papers are not accepted if the work is incomplete. Draw what conclusions you can based upon the results that you have, and treat the study as a finished work

       • You may suggest f

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