十二、疼痛 Pain

       （1）当上楼梯时，突然痛了起来，并且持续不止。
       The pain came on suddenly while walking up the stairs and it was persistent.
       ※疼痛的发生
       -感觉疼痛 feel (have; suffer from) a pain; pain is felt in ; feel painful
       -头痛 have a headache; be troubled with a headache; feel a pain in one's head
       -患剧烈头痛 have a nasty (bad) headache
       -时常头痛 be subject (a martyr) to headaches
       -有撞击似的两侧性头痛 have bilateral pounding headaches
       -头痛逐渐地变为频发( 较不严重) headaches gradually become more frequent (less severe)
       ex1:咀嚼时，有偶发的、暂时的、不可言状的疼痛或敏感。
       There is occasional, transient, nondescript pain, or sensibility during mastication.
       ex2:该齿对于压迫作痛，且有钝麻如咬的疼痛。
       The tooth became sore to pressure and there is a dull gnawing pain.
       ※发生时间
       ex1:Epigastric pain comes immediately after meal.
       ex2:Colic pain came on and off since yesterday.
       ex3:This pain has been relentlessly postprandial, regardless of the character of her meals.
       ex4:The joint pains were present mainly at night, with relief during the day.
       ex5:The mild frontal headaches were usually present upon awakening, but not severe enough to require analgesics.
       ex6:The pain usually commenced within 30 minutes after meals and lasted 1 to 3 hours.
       ※发生原因
       ex1:He described the pain as dull and aching, occurring approximately once a week, unrelated to food intake, and radiating to his back.

       （2）起初疼痛无变化，但数小时时变成发作性的痛。
       The pain initially was steady, but after several hours became episodic.
       ※疼痛的种类
       -恒常（痛） constant
       -间歇（痛） intermittent
       -偶（痛） occasional
       -急性（痛） acute
       -钝麻（痛），闷（痛） dull
       -搏动性的 throbbing
       -抽搐（痛）tic
       -抽（痛） twinge
       -锐（痛），急（痛） sharp
       -刺（射）痛 stabbing ( shooting) pain
       -钻锥（痛） boring
       -穿刺（痛） piercing
       -窜（痛） darting
       -被咬样的（痛） gnawing
       -似裂（痛） tearing (splitting)
       -胀（痛） bursting
       -刀割样（痛） knife-like
       -痉挛（痛） crampy
       -拉（痛） dragging
       -箍（痛） girdle-like ( constricting)
       -痛得打滚 writhing
       -极痛的 excruciating
       -切割的（痛） lancinating
       -绞性痛 colic (colicky pain)
       -剧痛 severe ( pungent; intense)
       -感应痛 referred pain
       -坠痛 bearing-down pain医学全在.线提供
       -发生遍身的酸痛 develop diffuse body aching
       -有剧烈的骨盘痛 have exquisite pelvic pain
       -牙痛频发 continual bouts of toothache
       -一阵阵剧烈的牙痛 the pangs of a toothache
       -带有胸膜炎性状的右胸痛 right-sided pain of a pleuritic character
       -发生阵痛性的疼痛 have labor-like pains
       ex1:这痛是持续不变的，若刺的剧痛。
       The pain was steady, sharp and boring in nature ( character).
       ex2:该痛和她以前诉过的疼痛一样。
       The pain was identical with what she had complained of.
       ※疼痛再发
       -pain reappears ( relapses); pain breaks out again; a return of the pain
       ex1:左乳房下的疼痛时时再发，而不是持续性的。
       The pain under the left breast recurred at intervals but was not constant.
       ex2:疼痛很少在他晚餐后再发，同时喝牛奶或服用抑酸剂，对于疼痛并无影响。
       The pain rarely returned after his evening meal and it was not affected when he ingested milk or antacid.

       （3）有时疼痛放射到右下肢后侧，一直到脚部。
       At times pain radiates down the back of the right lower extremity to the foot.
       ※疼痛放射
       -pain radiates ( travels) to ~; pain radiating from ~ to ~; radiation of the pain to ~
       ex1:疼痛放射到腰部周围，躺下时缓和些，站立时加剧。
       The pain radiated around toward the groin, relieved by lying down and aggravated
       while standing.
       ex2:住院那天，他感到疼痛加剧，并且放射到右肩胛和肩部。
       On the day of admission he experienced increasingly severe pain with radiation to the right scapular area and shoulders.

       （4）这疼痛局限于正中线，因吃力的劳动而加剧。
       The pain was confined to the midline and was aggravated by heavy labor.
       ※疼痛部位
       -疼痛存在于 the pain is limited to; the pain is located ( localized; situated) in (or
       over) ; there is localized pain in ~
       -遍在痛 generalized ( general; extensive; unlocalized) pain
       ex1:起初，疼痛遍及整个腹部，后来它局限于右上象限。
       At first the pain was generalized in the ( whole) abdomen; but it subsequently
       localized to the R.U.Q.
       ex2:起于右下腹部的疼痛，不久便局限于左上腹部。
       The pain, which began ( originated) in the R.L.Q., soon became localized in the L.U.Q.
       ※疼痛减轻
       -疼痛减轻 pain is relieved by , relieve ( ease, allay, alleviate, assuage, abate, soothe) the pain, pains decrease ( grow less, go down , fall off)
       -疼痛减轻了 the pain became lighter
       -疼痛的严重度减少 the severity of the pain waned
       -疼痛未停止 the pain did no ease
       ex1:疼痛和腹泻都减轻，但自从那时起，他就感觉疲倦和衰弱。
       The pain and diarrhea abated, but he felt tired and weak since then.
       ex2:胸部痛有时因改变体位而减轻，但只是暂时而已。
       The chest pain is sometimes relieved by a change of position, but only temporarily.
       ※疼痛加剧
       ex1:虽然没有肋膜带性状，但这痛因深吸气而显著加剧。
       The pain was markedly accentuated by deep inspiration, although it was not pleuritic in nature.
       ex2:当他在晚上作偏右侧睡时，疼痛最厉害。
       The pain is most severe at night when he lies on his right side.
       exercise 4
       1.他不知道病的起因。
       2.他的病是慢慢地发作的。
       3.他上腹部突然痛起来。
       4.他的病，是在住院前3星期开始的。
       5.约在7个月前，他第一次发觉，吞东西不如以前顺利。
       6.3天前他开始咳嗽，一直继续到现在。
       7.从去年8月，他开始有食欲不振，体重减轻和发烧的症状。
       8.他的症状是喉痛和无力。
       9.他的消化系统，完全无症状。
       10.他的老病---风湿症，又发了。
       11.3天前，他的病开始好转。
       12.昨天他的病更加恶化。
       1.
       a)He does not know why he got sick.
       b)He does not know the cause of his disease.
       c)He has no inkling of the cause of his disease.
       2.
       a)The onset of his disease is gradual.
       b)His disease is gradual(insidious) in onset.
       c)His disease occurred(commenced) gradually.
       3.
       a)He had (suffered from) a sudden epigastric pain.
       b)An acute(abrupt) pain was felt in his upper abdomen.
       c)He experienced a sudden attack of epigastralgia.
       4.
       a)His illness was first noted 3 weeks prior to admission.
       b)His illness began(started; occurred) 3 weeks P.T.A.
       c)He dated the onset of his illness 3 weeks P.T.A.
       5.
       a)About seven months ago, he first(initially) noticed (noted; perceived; found) that he
       could not swallow as smoothly as before( usual).
       b)Approximately seven months ago, he found for the first time that he had difficulty in swallowing.
       c)For the first time he was aware(cognizant) of dysphagia about seven months ago.
       6.医学全在线www.med126.com
       a)He began to have cough 3 days ago and it has continued since then.
       b)His cough which started 3 days ago has persisted up to the present.
       c)Three days ago he developed a cough (began or started coughing) and it has lasted until today.
       7.
       a)His disease began last Aug. with loss of appetite, loss of weight and fever.
       b)His illness started in Aug. last year with anorexia, loss of weight and fever.
       c)The symptoms of anorexia, weight loss and fever began last Aug.
       8.
       a)The characteristics of his disease are sore throat and weakness.
       b)Sore throat and weakness are the peculiarities of his disease.
       c)His disease is characterized by sore throat and weakness.
       9.
       a)He was entirely free of digestive system.
       b)Absolutely no abnormality was found in his digestive system.
       c)There was absolutely no symptom referable to his digestive system.
       d)In reference to digestive system he was quite asymptomatic.
       10.
       a)He had a recurrence (a relapse; another attack) of his old rheumatism.
       b)His old rheumatism occurred again.
       c)Rheumatism, his old complaint ( fault), recurred.
       11.
       a)His condition began to improve 3 days ago.
       b)Three days ago his condition began to make favorable progress.
       c)His condition turned (changed) for the better 3 days ago.
       12.
       a)His condition(disease) became(got) worse yesterday.
       b)His condition took a serious turn yesterday.
       c)His condition took a turn for the worse yesterday.
       来源：医学全在线