十四、胃肠 Stomach & Bowels

       （1）当空腹时，他感觉胃里不舒服。
       He has a certain disagreeable felling in the stomach when it is empty.
       ※胃
       -胃不调 upset stomach
       -消化不良 have bad (impaired: defective) digestion; suffer from indigestion ( dyspepsia)
       -胃有毛病 have a disordered stomach ( stomach disorder); something is wrong with one’s stomach.
       -因过食而伤胃 injure one＇s stomach by overeating oneself
       -觉食物积滞胃中 feel heavy on the stomach
       -食物不易消化lie (sit) heavy on one’s stomach
       Ex1:自从那时起，消化便已失常。
       Thereafter, the digestion was not really good.

       （2）曾有过一时性的恶心和呕吐，但并没有食欲不振或体重减少发生。
       Transient nausea and vomiting was present, but no anorexia or weight loss occurred.
       ※恶心
       -欲呕 feel nauseated
       -有晨吐 have morning sickness
       -夜吐（饭后恶心） nocturnal (postprandial) nausea
       -晕船（车） be sea- (car-) sick
       -有点恶心 have (experience) some nausea
       -严重的作呕 have considerable retching
       -里急后重时发生恶心和呕吐 have a spell of N & V while straining at stool
       -患食欲不振和恶心 be anorexic and nauseated
       -偶而恶心和呕吐 develop occasional nausea and vomiting
       -老是溢酸，感觉腹胀 burp all the time, feel bloated
       -吐出清净透明的胃容物 with vomiting of clear gastric contents
       -呕吐停了，消失了vomiting stopped (ceased), cleared
       -止吐 settle the stomach
       -打噎 belch (eruct; eructate)
       Ex1:这病人恶心，曾呕吐了含有胆汁液体数次。
       The patient developed nausea and vomited bile-stained fluid on several occasions.
       Ex2:当要呕吐时，他发觉有严重的腹上部痛和剧烈的头痛。
       With the advent of vomiting, he noted severe epigastric pain as well as severe
       headache.

       （3）在第2天中午，她开始呕吐，随后呕吐胆汁质物。
       At noon on the following day she stared vomiting food, which was followed by bile-stained material.
       ※呕吐
       -在病发时呕吐2次 vomit twice at the onset
       -极度反胃 regurgitate food violently
       Ex1:一小时后，他吐出不含血液的水质样东西。
       One hour later, he vomited watery material containing no blood.
       Ex2:有时这病人在发作最厉害时，呕吐1、2次。
       Sometimes the patient vomited once or twice at the height of the attack.
       ※呕吐物
       Ex1:昨天早晨的呕吐物，被形容为含有未消化的食物和绿水，无血。
       The vomitus of yesterday morning was described as containing indigested food and
       greenish water with no evidence of blood.
       Ex2:最初的呕吐物是透明的，但据说住院治疗之前的呕吐物，带有褐色。
       The vomitus was initially clear but just before hospitalization was said to brownish.

       （4）他开始有多次、带泡沫和臭味的大便。
       He began to have frequent, frothy, foul-smelling stools.
       ※大便
       -解大便 open (relax; evacuate) the bowel; have a passage
       -有便意 have a call of nature
       -有1次（2次）大便 have a motion (two motions)
       -没有大便 be constipated
       -平均每天大便12次 averaged 12 stools daily
       -发觉粪便中有很多血 noticed gross blood in one＇s stools
       -开始一天解8次松的多脂粪便 began to pass 8 loose greasy stools per day
       -大便增加到一天4~5次 stools increased in number to 4 or 5 daily
       -更换尿布时有些粪便 have some stool in each diaper change
       Ex1:大便次数减少了，但他仍然每天继续有2~3次大量的稀大便。
       The stools became fewer in number but he still continued to have 2~3 large loose
       stools daily.
       Ex2:住院前2个月，她发觉黑色大便，但却把它忽略过去了。
       Two months before admission she had noticed black stools but she disregarded them.
       ※大便检查
       -种类 ordinary, dry, hard, loose(soft), large, watery(liquid), formed, formless, frothy, mucous, bloody, rice-water, pea-soup, tarry
       -臭味 odorless, extremely foul, sour, putrid, less offensive in odor, offensive but no excessively foul
       -颜色 black, tarry, brownish-black, brown, red, green, yellow, light-brown, grey-white (clay-colored)
       Ex1:大便的粗细和硬度正常，且从未呈黑色。
       The stools were of normal caliber and consistency and have never been black.
       Ex2:大便颜色很淡，并且软如泥。
       Stools were very light in color and of mushy consistence.

       （5）他诉说间歇性腹泻与便秘交替发生。
       He complained of intermittent diarrhea alternating with constipation.
       ※便秘
       -便秘 suffer from constipation
       -惯性便秘 habitual constipation
       -时常便秘 be always constipated
       -有便秘倾向 have a tendency to be constipated
       -只有灌肠才能缓和严重的便秘 one＇s severe constipation was relieved only by
       enemas
       Ex1:便秘很难治，他以前常乞灵于泻药。
       The constipation was very obstinate (stubborn) and he resorted to the frequent use of cathartics.
       Ex2:她的便秘逐渐严重起来，同时发觉到粪便直径变细。
       She became progressively more constipated and noted a narrowing in the caliber of
       the stools.医.学 全,在.线,提供www.med126.com
       ※腹泻
       -晨泻，水泻，粘液性腹泻，慢性腹泻 diarrhea (morning, watery, mucous, dysenteric, chronic)
       -腹泻 diarrhea (轻症 mild,拖延的 protracted, 无法控制的 uncontrolled, 难医的intractable)
       -患腹泻 suffer from diarrhea; have ( an attack of ) diarrhea; have loose bowels
       -短期的腹泻发生了 a brief episode of diarrhea occurred
       -开始泻腹(自然消失，于两天后消失) diarrhea commenced ( spontaneously disappeared, cleared after 2 days)
       -偶而泻肚子 have occasional diarrhea
       -腹泻厉害，在3~7次之间 diarrhea varied in severity from 3 to 7 B.M.
       -不得不服药 be obliged to take physics
       -腹泻未因吃脱脂牛奶而转佳 received skim milk without any improvement in the diarrhea
       -用泻药 use a purgative
       Ex1:他患腹泻，每天有8~10次带有粘液，脓和鲜红色血的大便。
       He developed diarrhea with the daily passage of 8~10 stools containing mucous, pus, and bright red blood.
       Ex2:以前他患过同样的腹泻，但从来没有这么严重过。
       He previously had similar attacks of diarrhea but they were never so severe.
       exercise 5

       1.几个星期来，他感觉稍微工作即疲倦。
       2.他容易疲倦，不能工作。
       3.他头痛，微感不适。
       4.昨天晚上他发高烧。
       5.昨天他的体温伴随寒战，升到摄氏40度2分。
       6.今天早上，他的体温降到摄氏36.8度。
       7.住院前的体温，总是在36.8到40度之间。
       8.4天来，他发热总在摄氏38度4分左右。
       9.他的热度，老是不退。
       10.他头痛发热。

       1.
       a)He feels tired (fatigued) after slight exertion for many weeks.
       b)Even a trifling work would make him weary during these last weeks.
       c)He becomes tired on slight exertion for these weeks.

       2.
       a)He is easily fatigued. Consequently, he is unable to work.
       b)He is extremely fatiguable at all times and therefore can do nothing.
       c)He is troubled by easy fatiguability, and as a result of this he cannot perform any work.

       3.
       a)He feels heavy in his head and slight discomfort.
       b)He has a headache and is rather indisposed (out of sorts).
       c)He is troubled by a headache associated with slight indisposition.
       4.
       a)He had a high-grade fever last night.
       b)He had an attack of high fever last night.
       c)He was sick( ill) with high fever last night.
       5.
       a)The fever, together with shaking chills, rose (went) up to 40.2°C yesterday.
       b)There was an elevation of fever to 40.2°C with shaking chills yesterday.
       c)Yesterday, the fever increased ( was elevated) to 40.2°C with shaking chills.
       d)Yesterday his body temperature accompanied with a chill reached 40.2°C.
       6.
       a)This morning his fever fell ( dropped; decreased; subsided; abated) to 36.8°C.
       b)There was decrease in his fever to 36.8°C this morning.
       7.
       a)The temperature P.T.A. had been in the range of 38.6° to 40°C.
       b)The temperature P.T.A had ranged ( varied; fluctuated; run) from 38.6° to 40°C.
       c)P.T.A., he had had a range in temperature from 38.6° to 40°C.

       8.医学.全在线www.med126.com
       a)He has continued to have a temp. of 38.4°C for 4 days.
       b)He has had a steady temp. of 38.4°C for 4 days.
       c)He has been ill with a temp. of 38.4°C for 4 days.

       9.
       a)His fever has never fallen.
       b)His fever has remained unchanged.
       c)His fever has been steady ( constant).
       d)He has continued to have a spiking (persistent) fever.

       10.
       a)He suffered from headache and fever.
       b)He had headache associated (together) with fever.
       c)He was troubled by headache and fever.
       来源：医学全在线