第六章  体检（一般项目）[Physical examination(general items)]
       •视诊[inspection]
       •触诊[palpation]
       •叩诊[percussion]
       •听诊[auscultation]
       •嗅诊[olfactory examination]
       •浅（深）触诊法[light (deep) palpation]
       •深部滑行（深压，双手，冲击）触诊法[deep slipping (deep press,bimanual,ballottement]
       •间接（直接）叩诊[indirect (direct) percussion]
       •叩诊音（过清音，清音，浊音，鼓音，实音）[percussion sound (hyperresonance,resonance,dullness,tympany,flatness)]
       •用钟（膜）型胸件听诊[with the bell (diaphragmatic) chestpiece ]
       1、体温[temperature, T]
       •口（腋、肛）温[oral (axillary, rectal) temperature]
       •经口（腋、肛）测的温度[per mouth (axilla, rectum)]
       •摄氏与华氏换算[Centigrade VS Fahrenheit]
       ℃=5/9(℉-32)
       ℉=9/5℃+32
       ℃～℉                      ℃～℉
       36.5～97.7                  38.5～101.3
       37.0～98.6                   38.9～102.0
       37.2～99.0                   39.0～102.2
       37.5～99.5                   39.4～103.0
       37.8～100      40.0～104.0
       38.0～100.4         40.5～104.9
       38.3～101.0         41.0～105.8
       •37.5℃.orally(99.5℉)[口温摄氏37.5度（华氏99.5度）]
       2、脉搏[pulse, P]
       •脉率72次/分[pulse 72 beats per minute(P 72 bpm)]
       •搏动存在（消失）[pulse are present (absent)]
       •速（缓）脉[fast (slow) pulse]
       •洪（细丝）脉[bounding (small, thready) pulse]
       •水冲脉[water hammer pulse]
       •交替脉[alternating pulse]
       •奇脉[paradoxical]
       •二联（三联）脉[bigeminal (trigeminal) pulse]
       •重脉[dicrotic pulse]
       •间歇脉[intermittent pulse]
       •陷落脉[collapsing]
       •不规则（规则）脉[irregular(regular) pulse]
       3、呼吸[respiration, R]
       •呼吸频率[respiratory rate (RR)]
       •呼吸频率19次/分[RR 19 beats/min (R 19 bpm)]
       •规则（不规则）呼吸[regular (irregular) breathing]
       •呼吸均匀[eupnea]
       •呼吸急促（缓慢）[repid (slow) breathing]
       •呼吸停止（中断）[pausal (interrupted) breathing]
       •呼吸骤停[breath arrest]
       •深（浅）呼吸[deep (superficial) breathing]
       •呼吸困难[dyspna (short of breath)]
       •呼吸费力[labored breathing]
       •胸（腹）式呼吸[thoracic (abdominal) breathing]
       •张口呼吸[mouth (buccal) breathing]
       •周期性呼吸[periodic respiration]
       •库斯毛氏呼吸[Kussmaul`s respiration]
       •陈-施（潮式）呼吸[Cheyne-Stokes (tidal) respiration]
       •间歇呼吸[Biot`s breathing]
       •叹息样（胎儿,鼾样）呼吸[sighing (fetal, stertorous) respiration]
       •口臭[have foul (fetid) breath (halitosis)]
       •酮味呼吸[a smell of ketone]
       •静息下（活动时）气促[dyspnea at rest (on exertion)]
       •丙酮（氨臭，蒜臭）味[acetone (ammoniacal, alliaceous) odor]
       •肝臭[hepaticus fetor]
       •腋臭[bromidrosis]
       4、血压[blood pressure, BP]
       •收缩（舒张）压[systolic (diastolic) blood pressure]
       •血压20/12千帕（150/90毫米汞柱）[BP 20/12 kPa(150/90mmHg)]
       1kPa=7.5mmHg (1mmHg=0.1333kPa)医.学.全.在线.网.站.提供
       •血压为收缩压20，舒张压12千帕[Bp is 20 over 12 (Bp is 20 systolic and 12 diastolic)]
       •测量血压[take (measure, check ) Bp]
       •坐（卧）位血压[sitting (lying) Bp]
       •无创（有创）血压[non-invasive (invasive) Bp]
       •脉压[pulse pressure]
       •血压测不出[Bp is unavailable (unobtained)]
       •左臂（右臂）血压[Bp in left (right) arm]
       •双下肢血压[Bp in both lower limbs]
       •袖带[cuff]
       5、体位[position]
       •主动（被动、强迫）体位[active (passive, forced ) position]
       •立（坐、卧）位[upright (sitting, dorsal) position]
       •仰卧（俯卧）位[supine (prone) position]
       •左（右）侧卧位[left (right) lateral (decubitus) position]
       •蜷腿位[coiled position]
       •半卧位[semi-reclining (semi-recumbent) position]
       •端坐位[orthopnea position]
       •胸膝（膝肘）位[knee-chest (knee-elbow) position]
       •截石（分娩）位[dorsosacral (obstetric) position]
       •角弓反张位[opisthotonus position]
       •强迫蹲位[compulsive squattin]
       •辗转体位[alternative position]
       •头高（低）脚低（高）位[high (low) head and low(high) legs]
       6、神志和意识[consciousness and mind]
       •清醒（半清醒的）[alert (semi-conscious)]
       •昏迷（半昏迷）的[comatose (semi-comatose)]
       •无精打采的[listless]
       •思睡的[somnolent (drowsy, sleepy)]
       •昏睡的[lethargic]
       •焦虑不安的[anxious (restless, apprehensive)]
       •激动的[excited (irritable)]
       •精神错乱的[confused]
       •意识障碍[distrubance of consciousness]
       •谵妄[delirium]
       •抽搐[convulsion]
       •木僵的[stuporous]
       •合作佳（欠佳、差）[cooperation is good (not good enough, bad)]
       •反应迟钝[have a dull reaction]
       •有（无）定向力[be oriented (disoriented)]
       •朦胧状态[be in a mist tent]
       •神志模糊[blurred (dim, vague) mind]
       •失去知觉[loss consciousness(unconsciousness)]
       •对疼痛刺激的反应[reaction to painful stimuli]
       7、面容[facial features]
       •呈急（慢）性面容[be in acute (chronic) distress]
       •病然面容[critical facies]
       •濒死面容[hippocratic facies]
       •苦笑面容[sardonic facies]
       •表情不安 [anxious (distressing) expression]
       •神情憔悴[ haggard expression]
       •贫血（肾病、肝病）面容[anemic (nephrotic, hepatic) facies]
       •二尖瓣（伤寒）面容[mitral (typhoid) facies]
       •满月（面具）面容[moon (masked) facies]
       •肢端肥大症面容[acromegaly facies]
       •甲亢（粘液性水肿）面容[hyperthyroid (myxedema) facies]
       •老年貌[senile feature]
       •颜面潮红（苍白）[reddy (pale) facies]
       •面色红润[florid facies]
       8、发育[development] 医学全在线 www.med126.com
       •身高[body height (length)]
       •身材（高大、矮小）[stature (tall, dwarf)]
       •体格（强壮、脆弱）[physique (strong, weak)]
       •青春期[adolescent spurt]
       •体型[habitus]
       ▲无力（乏力、超力）型[asthenic (ortho-sthenic, sthenic) type]
       ▲巨人症（重体侏儒症、奄人症）[gigantism (pituitary dwarfism, eunuochism)]
       ▲运动员体型[athletic type]
       ▲矮胖（瘦长）型[stocky (lanky) type]
       •一位发育良好（中等）的病人[a well (middle)-developed patient]
       •发育不良（异常）[hypoplasia (dysplasia)]
       •身高171厘米[177cm in height]
       9、营养[nutrition]医学全.在线.网.站.提供
       •营养良好（中等、不良）[well (middle, under)-nourished]
       •良好、不良，中等[well (poorly, fairly)]
       •肥胖[obesity (overweight,fat)]
       •消瘦[emaciation (underweight, thin, lean)]
       •恶液质[cachexia]
       •水牛背[buffalo hump]
       10、姿势与步态[posture and gait]
       •共济失调步态[ataxic (incoordination) gait]
       •剪刀步态[scissors gait]
       •慌张步态[festinating gait]
       •跨域步态[steppage gait]
       •摇摆步态[swaying gait]
       •蹒跚步态[reeling (staggering, waddling) gait]
       •闭目难立征[Romberg`s sign]
       •间歇性跛行[intermittent claudication]
       11、皮肤与粘膜[skin and mucosa]
       ▲颜色[color]
       ▲苍白（红色、暗红、潮红、粉红色）[pallor (redness, dusky redness, flush, pinky)]
       ▲显得苍白[be (look) pale]
       ▲紫绀（手足发绀）[cyanosis (acrocyanosis)]
       ▲黄疸（黄染）[jaundice (stained yellow)]
       ▲黑色素[melanin]
       ▲色素沉着过多（减退）[hyper pigmentation (depigmentation)]
       ▲色素沉着增加(减少)[pigmentation increase（decrease）]
       ▲白癜（白斑）[vitiligo (leukoplakia)]
       ▲雀斑（老年斑）[fleck (senile plague)]
       ▲紫（妊娠）纹[purple (pregnant) striae]
       ▲多血症[be plethoric]
       ▲重度（中度、轻度）紫绀[be severely (moderately, slightly) cyanosis]
       •湿度与弹性[moisture and elasticity]
       ▲干燥（湿润）的[dry (moist)]
       ▲湿冷[cold moist]
       ▲冷（暖、热）[cool (warm, hot)]
       ▲光滑（粗糙）的[smooth (rough)]
       ▲光亮的[shing]
       ▲紧张（松弛）的[taut (loose)]
       ▲软（硬）[soft (hard)]
       ▲鳞状（皱纹）的[scaly (wrinkling)]
       ▲有（无）弹性的[elastic (inelastic)]
       ▲萎缩（肥厚）的[atrophic (hypertrophic)]
       ▲皮下气肿[subcutaneous emphysema]
       ▲全身（局限）性水肿[anasarca (localized edema)]
       ▲凹陷性（非凹陷性）水肿（加重、减轻、消退）[pitting (non-pitting) edema (increase, decrease, subside)]
       •皮损[skin lesions]医学全.在线网.站.提供
       ▲皮疹[skin eruption]
       ▲斑疹[maculae]
       ▲玟瑰疹[roseola (rose spots)]
       ▲丘疹[papule]
       ▲斑丘疹[maculopapule]
       ▲风疹[rubella]
       ▲疱疹[belbs]
       ▲斑片[patch]
       ▲斑块[plaque]
       ▲荨麻疹[urticaria (hives)]
       ▲脱皮（屑）[desquamation (excoriation)]
       ▲蜘蛛痣[spider angioma]
       ▲皮下小结[subcutaneous nodules]
       ▲瘢痕[scar]
       ▲痱子[sudamen]
       ▲水（血、脓）疱[water (blood, pus ) bpister]
       ▲小（大）水疱[vesicle (bulla)]
       ▲单纯疱疹[herpes simplex]
       ▲风团（囊肿、肿瘤）[wheal (cyst, tumor)]
       ▲皮屑（鳞屑）[furfur (scale)]
       ▲结痂（焦痂）[crust (eschar)]
       ▲溃疡（糜烂、皱裂）[ulcer (erosion, fissure)]
       ▲肝掌（朱砂掌）[liver (erythema) palms]
       ▲黄褐斑[chloasma]
       ▲环形红斑[circinate erythema]
       ▲黑痣[pigmented nevas]
       ▲胎记[birthmark]
       ▲疣（鸡眼）[werruca (clavus)]
       ▲冻疮[pernio]
       ▲褥疮[bedsore (decubitus)]
       ▲渗液[exudate]
       •出血[bleeding]
       ▲瘀点[petechia]
       ▲紫癜[purpura]
       ▲瘀斑[ecchymosis]
       ▲血肿[hematoma]
       ▲片状出血[splinter hemorrhage]
       ▲渗血[oozing of the blood]
       ▲压之褪色[blanch on pressure]
       12、头发与指甲[hair and nail]
       •头发（稀疏、浓密、秃头）的[hair (sparse, dense, bald)]
       •头皮[scalp]
       •粗（细）[coarse (fine)]
       •密（疏）[thick (thin)]
       •干性（油性）[dry (oily)]
       •有（无）光泽的[lustrous (lusterless)]
       •多（少、无）毛[hairy (oligotrichosis, hairless)]
       •脱发（斑秃、全秃）[hair loss (alopecia areata, baldness)]
       •眉毛（阴毛、腋毛）稀少（过多）[scant (excessive) eyebrows (public hair, axillary hair)]
       •体毛（胡须）[body hair(beard) ]
       •全身性多毛症[hypertrichosis universalis]
       •毛发的性状和分布[quality and distribution of the hair]
       •甲变形（匙状甲）[deformities of nail (spoonnail)]
       •薄（脆）甲[thin (brittle) nail]
       •甲脱落[ongchoptosis]
       13、浅表淋巴结[superficial lymph nodes]
       •浅表淋巴结未扪及[be no palpable superficial lymph nodes (…can not be palpated)]
       •淋巴结肿大[enlarged lymph nodes (lymphnode enlargement)]
       •部位[site]
       ▲全身（局部）[general (local)]
       ▲耳前（后）淋巴结[pre(post)-auricular nodes]
       ▲枕后淋巴结[occipital nodes]
       ▲颏下淋巴结[submental nodes]
       ▲下颌淋巴结[submaxillary nodes]
       ▲颈前（后）淋巴结[anterior (posterior) cervical nodes]
       ▲ 锁骨上淋巴结[supraclavicular nodes]
       ▲滑车上淋巴结[epitrochlear nodes]
       ▲腋窝上（内侧，前，后，外侧）淋巴结[axillary top (medial,anterior,posterior,lateral)]
       ▲腹股沟淋巴结（横组，纵组）[inguinal nodes (transverse group,longitudinal group) lymphnode]
       •大小[size]医学.全在.线www.med126.com
       ▲4×2cm大小[4 by 2 cm in diameter (size)]
       ▲米粒（豌豆，核桃，小指，拇指，拳头，手掌，鸡蛋）大小[size of a rice grain (pea,walnut,small,ringer,thumb,fist,palm,hen’s egg)]
       ▲针头大小[pinhead size]
       ▲苹果大小[size of an apple]
       ▲小孩头（成人大小）[size of a(n) infant’s(man’s) head]
       •形态[shape]
       ▲不规则[irregular]
       ▲结节（颗粒、纺锤）状的[tuberous (granular,spindle-shaped)]
       ▲光滑（粗糙）的[smooth (coarse)]
       ▲平坦（凹凸不平）的[flat (uneven)]
       ▲球（椭园，卵园，园）形的[globular (elliptical,oval,circular)]
       •硬度和活动度[hardness and mobility]
       ▲硬（软）[hard (soft)]
       ▲石头（骨）样硬[of stone-like (bone-like)]
       ▲可活动（固定）的[movable (fixed)]
       ▲与周围组织（结构）固定[be fixed to the surrounding tissues (structures)]
       ▲压痛[tenderness]
       ▲融合（粘连）[fusion (adhesion)]
       ▲肿胀（疤痕）[swelling (fistula)]
       来源：医学全在线